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1.
Rev. bras. mastologia ; 19(1): 2-9, jan.-mar. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-590581

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A mamografia constitui o método populacional mais eficaz na redução da mortalidade por câncer de mama, visto a elevação do diagnóstico de lesões precoces. Há inúmeras barreiras relacionadas à não realização do exame de mamografia, podendo estar relacionadas ao sistema de saúde, à educação e à adesão da paciente. Iniciou-se, em 2003, na DRS-5 rastreamento mamográfico, controlando as variáveis relacionadas ao sistema de saúde e educação. Objetivo: Avaliar, após a cobertura de 50,3% da população, as características das mulheres refratárias ao exame de mamografia. Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 550 mulheres, provenientes de 19 cidades que tinham conhecimento do rastreamento mamográfico da DRS-5 e que nunca haviam realizado o exame de mamografia previamente, sendo aplicado questionário para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o exame clínico da mama, a importância da mamografia, bem como estratégias para identificação dessa população refratária ao exame. Resultados: As principais características dessa população foram a baixa escolaridade (84,7%), a baixa classe socioeconômica (66,8%) e a faixa etária entre 42 e 49 anos (43,8%). As mulheres relataram que o autoexame da mama é pouco indicado por parte dos médicos (14,9%), sendo poucas as mulheres que o realizavam de maneira adequada (25,8%). O exame de mamografia também é pouco oferecido pelos médicos (23,6%), porém as mulheres sabem de sua importância e não o realizam, principalmente, por causa de ausência de sintomas (60,4%), medo da dor (25,1%) ou do câncer (20,5%). Para identificação dessa população, o Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) foi de fundamental importância (90,0%), visto que apenas 71,8% dessas mulheres aderiram à realização do exame de mamografia. Conclusões: A identificação de subgrupos refratários ao exame de mamografia mostra a necessidade de aprimoramento no rastreamento, sendo o PSF importante instrumento de intervenção.


Introduction: Mammography is the best method to reduce the mortality from breast cancer, related to increase in early diagnosis. There are barriers related to low adherence to mammography, and the main reasons are related to health system, education and adherence to guidelines. In 2003 began in DRS-5 a mammography screening controlling the factors related to health system and knowledge. Objective: When we done mammography in 50.3% of DRS- 5 women, we find the characteristics of women that although having the knowledge of breast screening hadn't done mammography yet. Methods: We interview 550 women from 19 cities with questions related to the knowledge about breast clinical examination or reasons related to non adherence to mammography, and the strategy used to find these women. Results: The women had low years of school (84.7%), low income (66.8%) and were 42-49 years old (43.8%). The clinical frequently doesn't realize breast examination (14.9%), and low women know how to do this exam (25.8%). Besides the clinical doesn't infirm about the importance of mammography (23.6%), women don't realize this exam because the absent of health symptoms (60.4%), afraid of pain (25.1%) or afraid of cancer (20.5%). The "Programa de Saúde da Família" (PSF) had a fundamental importance to identify these women (90.0%), and just 71.8% of the interview women realize mammography. Conclusions: The identification of sub-group non adherent to mammography screening shows us the importance to improve the screening, and the PSF is a good way to promote heath intervention.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Mass Screening , Mammography/statistics & numerical data , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms , Age Factors , Breast Self-Examination , Health Planning , Surveys and Questionnaires , Socioeconomic Factors
2.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-459171

ABSTRACT

Stingrays of the Potamotrygonidae family are a singular group of Neotropical ichthyofauna. Although ancient reports exist about the group, there are still many questions that need to be clarified, such as the biology of the species that occur in the Paraná-Paraguay River system. In the present work, the diet of Potamotrygon falkneri and Potamotrygon motoro, captured in the Upper Paraná River, downstream from the Engenheiro Souza Dias Hydroelectric Power Station (UHE Jupiá), was analyzed. Both species showed a diversified diet, consisting of 14 food items, including Mollusca, Crustacea, Insecta and fish, with the predominance in diversity and abundance of aquatic insects. Only one individual of each species ingested fish. Potamotrygon motoro consumed mainly Ephemeroptera, while P. falkneri consumed mainly Mollusca, Hemiptera and Trichoptera. The data apparently indicate a more specialized diet for P. motoro, consuming more Ephemeroptera (Baetidae), and a more generalized diet for P. falkneri. The analysis of individuals captured in three microhabitats that differ in function of the substrate type and presence of marginal vegetation, suggests differences in the food items consumed.


As raias da família Potamotrygonidae representam um grupo singular da ictiofauna Neotropical. Apesar de serem antigos os relatos sobre o grupo, ainda são muitas as questões que permanecem sem resposta, sobretudo no que diz respeito à biologia das espécies que ocorrem na Bacia do Paraná-Paraguai. No presente trabalho foi analisada a dieta de Potamotrygon falkneri e Potamotrygon motoro, capturadas no Alto Rio Paraná, a jusante da Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Souza Dias (UHE Jupiá). As duas espécies de raias apresentaram dieta diversificada, ingerindo 14 itens, entre moluscos, crustáceos, insetos e peixes, porém com predominância de insetos aquáticos em diversidade e abundância. Somente um indivíduo de cada espécie ingeriu peixe. Potamotrygon motoro consumiu principalmente Ephemeroptera, enquanto P. falkneri, principalmente Mollusca, Hemiptera e Trichoptera. Os dados aparentemente indicam uma dieta mais especializada de P. motoro, com maior consumo de Ephemeroptera (Baetidae), e uma dieta mais generalizada de P. falkneri. A análise dos indivíduos capturados em três micro-hábitats, que diferem quanto ao tipo de substrato e presença de vegetação marginal, sugere diferenças nos tipos de alimentos consumidos.


Subject(s)
Biology/classification , Feeding Behavior , Aquatic Fauna/analysis , Aquatic Fauna/classification , Ecosystem/analysis , Ecosystem/classification , Skates, Fish/classification
3.
Genet. mol. biol ; 30(4): 1194-1197, 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471050

ABSTRACT

We performed an in silico analysis of all microsatellites so far described for penaeid shrimp and for which the polymorphic behavior has previously been analyzed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of these microsatellites and identifying patterns which allow the characterization of the nature of these sequences in the penaeid genome. All data were compiled in a free-access database specially constructed for this study. Three hundred non-mononucleotide polymorphic microsatellite loci described for 12 shrimp species belonging to the family Penaeidae were analyzed and simple and compound microsatellites with di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide motifs were found. Dinucleotides and trinucleotides were the most frequent motifs among both the simple and the compound microsatellites. Although a certain bias related to different microsatellite isolation methodology could not be discarded, it is possible that part of this microsatellite abundance reflects some degree of conservation of microsatellite motifs among the different species. There was a pronounced motif variability within and between species, indicating high differentiation dynamism of these repetitions in this animal group. This study not only sheds light on the structure of the microsatellites present in the penaeid shrimp genome but also resulted in the free-access Penaeid Shrimp Microsatellite Database (available at http://www.shrimp.ufscar.br) which may be very useful for optimizing the use of these microsatellites.

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